INSIGHT VORTEX

स्रोत - http://sardarpatel.nvli.in/media/2169   for the map Indida before and after partition  Dr. Manmohan Singh, as Finance Minister, delivered his first budget speech on July 24, 1991, famously concluding with Victor Hugo's quote: “No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come.” This moment marked the launch of India's liberalization reforms, dismantling the Nehruvian socialist model that had stifled growth for decades. [ youtube ]​ [ indiabudget.gov ]​ 1991 Economic Reforms India's economy in the early 1990s faced a severe crisis, with foreign reserves barely covering two weeks of imports, soaring fiscal deficits around 8-10% of GDP, and peak import duties exceeding 300% alongside personal income tax rates up to 98%. The Nehruvian framework—characterized by heavy state control, the "License Raj," and import substitution—collapsed after 50 years, prompting Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao's Congress government to usher in deregulation, privatiza...

The Congress governance model, as a political theory, can be whimsically pictured as a party carrying a handy bag stuffed with assorted "biscuits"—think women's biscuits, Bhumihar biscuits, Rajput biscuits, Dalit biscuits, government employee biscuits, civil society biscuits, and so on, with the list endlessly expandable as needed. The Congress political executive would glide along at the top, overseeing a well-oiled machinery below. Periodically, they'd drop a suitable biscuit to appease immediate public demands. The masses would gratefully munch away, while the Congress machinery—led by a compliant media—would chorus its praises, securing the party's rule. Traditional Views on Government In conventional political science, governments are often viewed as all-powerful institutions, prompting most interpretations of rights to be framed in opposition to state authority—be it fundamental rights or universal human rights categories. It's widely held that governmen...